Microbiology Practice Exam

What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?

1. Energy production

2. Protein synthesis

3. Genetic information storage

4. Cell division

The correct answer is: Protein synthesis

Ribosomes play a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis, which is fundamental for the growth, repair, and maintenance of cells. They serve as the site where messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into polypeptide chains, which then fold into functional proteins. During this process, ribosomes read the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA and recruit the appropriate transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules that carry specific amino acids. These amino acids are then linked together in the order specified by the mRNA, ultimately forming proteins that carry out a diverse range of functions in the cell, including enzymatic activity, structural roles, and involvement in signaling pathways. While energy production, genetic information storage, and cell division are essential processes in the life of a cell, they are not the primary function of ribosomes. Energy production occurs in organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. Genetic information is stored in the DNA within the nucleus or nucleoid region of cells. Cell division is orchestrated by a completely different set of cellular machinery and mechanisms. Thus, the primary focus of ribosomes is specifically on synthesizing proteins, making them indispensable for cellular functionality and overall biological processes.